Research article
29 Apr 2019
Research article | 29 Apr 2019
Instantaneous sea ice drift speed from TanDEM-X interferometry
Dyre Oliver Dammann et al.
Related authors
Iceberg topography and volume classification using TanDEM-X interferometry
Dyre O. Dammann, Leif E. B. Eriksson, Son V. Nghiem, Erin C. Pettit, Nathan T. Kurtz, John G. Sonntag, Thomas E. Busche, Franz J. Meyer, and Andrew R. Mahoney
The Cryosphere, 13, 1861–1875, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1861-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1861-2019, 2019
Short summary
Inter-comparison and evaluation of sea ice type concentration algorithms
Yufang Ye, Mohammed Shokr, Signe Aaboe, Wiebke Aldenhoff, Leif E. B. Eriksson, Georg Heygster, Christian Melsheimer, and Fanny Girard-Ardhuin
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-200,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-200, 2019
Manuscript under review for TC
Short summary
Iceberg topography and volume classification using TanDEM-X interferometry
Dyre O. Dammann, Leif E. B. Eriksson, Son V. Nghiem, Erin C. Pettit, Nathan T. Kurtz, John G. Sonntag, Thomas E. Busche, Franz J. Meyer, and Andrew R. Mahoney
The Cryosphere, 13, 1861–1875, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1861-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1861-2019, 2019
Short summary
A key factor initiating surface ablation of Arctic sea ice: earlier and increasing liquid precipitation
Tingfeng Dou, Cunde Xiao, Jiping Liu, Wei Han, Zhiheng Du, Andrew R. Mahoney, Joshua Jones, and Hajo Eicken
The Cryosphere, 13, 1233–1246, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1233-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1233-2019, 2019
Short summary
From sea ice to seals: a moored marine ecosystem observatory in the Arctic
Claudine Hauri, Seth Danielson, Andrew M. P. McDonnell, Russell R. Hopcroft, Peter Winsor, Peter Shipton, Catherine Lalande, Kathleen M. Stafford, John K. Horne, Lee W. Cooper, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier, Andrew Mahoney, Klara Maisch, Molly McCammon, Hank Statscewich, Andy Sybrandy, and Thomas Weingartner
Ocean Sci., 14, 1423–1433, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1423-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1423-2018, 2018
Short summary
Arctic Mission Benefit Analysis: impact of sea ice thickness, freeboard, and snow depth products on sea ice forecast performance
Thomas Kaminski, Frank Kauker, Leif Toudal Pedersen, Michael Voßbeck, Helmuth Haak, Laura Niederdrenk, Stefan Hendricks, Robert Ricker, Michael Karcher, Hajo Eicken, and Ola Gråbak
The Cryosphere, 12, 2569–2594, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2569-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2569-2018, 2018
Short summary
In situ field measurements of the temporal evolution of low-frequency sea-ice dielectric properties in relation to temperature, salinity, and microstructure
Megan O'Sadnick, Malcolm Ingham, Hajo Eicken, and Erin Pettit
The Cryosphere, 10, 2923–2940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2923-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2923-2016, 2016
Short summary
Related subject area
Estimating the sea ice floe size distribution using satellite altimetry: theory, climatology, and model comparison
Christopher Horvat, Lettie A. Roach, Rachel Tilling, Cecilia M. Bitz, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Colin Guider, Kaitlin Hill, Andy Ridout, and Andrew Shepherd
The Cryosphere, 13, 2869–2885, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2869-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2869-2019, 2019
Short summary
The 2018 North Greenland polynya observed by a newly introduced merged optical and passive microwave sea-ice concentration dataset
Valentin Ludwig, Gunnar Spreen, Christian Haas, Larysa Istomina, Frank Kauker, and Dmitrii Murashkin
The Cryosphere, 13, 2051–2073, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2051-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2051-2019, 2019
Short summary
Estimation of turbulent heat flux over leads using satellite thermal images
Meng Qu, Xiaoping Pang, Xi Zhao, Jinlun Zhang, Qing Ji, and Pei Fan
The Cryosphere, 13, 1565–1582, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1565-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1565-2019, 2019
Short summary
Estimating the snow depth, the snow–ice interface temperature, and the effective temperature of Arctic sea ice using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 and ice mass balance buoy data
Lise Kilic, Rasmus Tage Tonboe, Catherine Prigent, and Georg Heygster
The Cryosphere, 13, 1283–1296, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1283-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1283-2019, 2019
Short summary
Baffin Bay sea ice inflow and outflow: 1978–1979 to 2016–2017
Haibo Bi, Zehua Zhang, Yunhe Wang, Xiuli Xu, Yu Liang, Jue Huang, Yilin Liu, and Min Fu
The Cryosphere, 13, 1025–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1025-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1025-2019, 2019
Short summary
Version 2 of the EUMETSAT OSI SAF and ESA CCI sea-ice concentration climate data records
Thomas Lavergne, Atle Macdonald Sørensen, Stefan Kern, Rasmus Tonboe, Dirk Notz, Signe Aaboe, Louisa Bell, Gorm Dybkjær, Steinar Eastwood, Carolina Gabarro, Georg Heygster, Mari Anne Killie, Matilde Brandt Kreiner, John Lavelle, Roberto Saldo, Stein Sandven, and Leif Toudal Pedersen
The Cryosphere, 13, 49–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-49-2019, 2019
Short summary
A new tracking algorithm for sea ice age distribution estimation
Anton Andreevich Korosov, Pierre Rampal, Leif Toudal Pedersen, Roberto Saldo, Yufang Ye, Georg Heygster, Thomas Lavergne, Signe Aaboe, and Fanny Girard-Ardhuin
The Cryosphere, 12, 2073–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2073-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2073-2018, 2018
Short summary
Warm winter, thin ice?
Julienne C. Stroeve, David Schroder, Michel Tsamados, and Daniel Feltham
The Cryosphere, 12, 1791–1809, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1791-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1791-2018, 2018
Short summary
Cited articles
Ahlnäs, K. and Garrison, G.: Satellite and oceanographic observations of
the warm coastal current in the Chukchi Sea, ARCTIC, 37, 244–254, 1984.
Arctic Council: Arctic marine shipping assessment, Protection of the Arctic
Marine Environment Working Group (PAME), Akureyri, Island, 190, 2009.
Bamler, R. and Hartl, P.: Synthetic aperture radar interferometry, Inverse
Probl., 14, R1, https://doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/14/4/001, 1998.
Berg, A. and Eriksson, L. E. B.: Investigation of a hybrid algorithm for sea
ice drift measurements using synthetic aperture radar images, IEEE T. Geosci.
Remote, 52, 5023–5033, 2014.
Berg, A., Dammert, P., and Eriksson, L. E. B.: X-Band Interferometric SAR
Observations of Baltic Fast Ice, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 53, 1248–1256,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2014.2336752, 2015.
Comiso, J. C. and Hall, D. K.: Climate trends in the Arctic as observed from
space, WIREs Clim Change, 5, 389–409, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.277, 2014.
Dammann, D. O., Eicken, H., Meyer, F., and Mahoney, A.: Assessing small-scale
deformation and stability of landfast sea ice on seasonal timescales through
L-band SAR interferometry and inverse modeling, Remote Sens. Environ., 187,
492–504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.032, 2016.
Dammann, D. O., Eicken, H., Saiet, E., Mahoney, A., Meyer, F., and George, J.
C.: Traversing sea ice – linking surface roughness and ice trafficability
through SAR polarimetry and interferometry IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 11,
416–433, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2764961, 2017.
Dammann, D. O., Eicken, H., Mahoney, A., Meyer, F., Freymueller, J., and
Kaufman, A. M.: Evaluating landfast sea ice stress and fracture in support of
operations on sea ice using SAR interferometry, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 149,
51–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.02.001, 2018a.
Dammann, D. O., Eicken, H., Mahoney, A., Meyer, F. J., Eriksson, L. E. B.,
Saiet, E., Freymueller, J., and Jones, J.: New Possibilities Using TS-X and
TD-X in Support of Sea Ice Use, in: EUSAR 2018 – 12th European Conference on
Synthetic Aperture Radar, 4–7 June 2018, Aachen, Germany, 1–6, 2018b.
Dammann, D. O., Eriksson, L. E. B., Mahoney, A., Stevens, C. W., Van der
Sanden, J., Eicken, H., Meyer, F., and Tweedie, C.: Mapping Arctic bottomfast
sea ice using SAR interferometry, Remote Sensing, 10, 720,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050720, 2018c.
Dammann, D. O., Eriksson, L. E. B., Mahoney, A. R., Eicken, H., and Meyer, F.
J.: Mapping pan-Arctic landfast sea ice stability using Sentinel-1
interferometry, The Cryosphere, 13, 557–577, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-557-2019,
2019a.
Dammann, D. O., Eriksson, L. E. B., Nghiem, S. V., Pettit, E., Kurtz, N. T.,
Sonntag, J. G., Busche, T., Meyer, F. J., and Mahoney, A. R.: Iceberg
topography and volume classification using TanDEM-X interferometry, The
Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-59, in review, 2019b.
Dammert, P. B. G., Lepparanta, M., and Askne, J.: SAR interferometry over
Baltic Sea ice, Int. J. Remote Sens., 19, 3019–3037,
https://doi.org/10.1080/014311698214163, 1998.
Dierking, W., Lang, O., and Busche, T.: Sea ice local surface topography from
single-pass satellite InSAR measurements: a feasibility study, The
Cryosphere, 11, 1967–1985, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1967-2017, 2017.
Druckenmiller, M. L., Eicken, H., Johnson, M. A., Pringle, D. J., and
Williams, C. C.: Toward an integrated coastal sea-ice observatory: System
components and a case study at Barrow, Alaska, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 56,
61–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.12.003, 2009.
Eicken, H. and Mahoney, A. R.: Sea Ice: Hazards, Risks, and Implications for
Disasters, in: Coastal and Marine Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, edited by:
Ellis, J. T., Sherman, D. J., and Shroder, J. F., Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam,
Netherlands, 381–399, 2015.
Eicken, H., Lovecraft, A. L., and Druckenmiller, M. L.: Sea-Ice System
Services: A Framework to Help Identify and Meet Information Needs Relevant
for Arctic Observing Networks, ARCTIC, 62, 119–136,
https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic126, 2009.
Eicken, H., Jones, J., Meyer, F., Mahoney, A., Druckenmiller, M. L., Rohith,
M., and Kambhamettu, C.: Environmental security in Arctic ice-covered seas:
from strategy to tactics of hazard identification and emergency response,
Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 45, 37–48, https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.45.3.1, 2011.
Ferretti, A., Monti-Guarnieri, A., Prati, C., Rocca, F., and Massonet, D.:
InSAR Principles-Guidelines for SAR Interferometry Processing and
Interpretation, ESA Publications, ESA TM-19, 2007.
Fukamachi, Y., Mizuta, G., Ohshima, K. I., Toyota, T., Kimura, N., and
Wakatsuchi, M.: Sea ice thickness in the southwestern Sea of Okhotsk revealed
by a moored ice-profiling sonar, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C09018,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003327, 2006.
Goldstein, R. M. and Werner, C. L.: Radar interferogram filtering for
geophysical applications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4035–4038,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GL900033, 1998.
Haller, M., Brümmer, B., and Müller, G.: Atmosphere–ice forcing in
the transpolar drift stream: results from the DAMOCLES ice-buoy campaigns
2007–2009, The Cryosphere, 8, 275–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-275-2014, 2014.
Hibler, W., Hutchings, J., and Ip, C.: Sea-ice arching and multiple flow
states of Arctic pack ice, Ann. Glaciol., 44, 339–344,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406781811448, 2006.
Hollands, T. and Dierking, W.: Performance of a multiscale correlation
algorithm for the estimation of sea-ice drift from SAR images: initial
results, Ann. Glaciol., 52, 311–317, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931462, 2011.
Hutchings, J. K., Roberts, A., Geiger, C. A., and Richter-Menge, J.: Spatial
and temporal characterization of sea-ice deformation, Ann. Glaciol., 52,
360–368, 2011.
Jones, J. M., Eicken, H., Mahoney, A. R., Rohith, M. V., Kambhamettu, C.,
Fukamachi, Y., Ohshima, K. I., and George, J. C.: Landfast sea ice breakouts:
Stabilizing ice features, oceanic and atmospheric forcing at Barrow, Alaska,
Cont. Shelf Res., 126, 50–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.07.015, 2016.
Karvonen, J.: Virtual radar ice buoys – a method for measuring fine-scale
sea ice drift, The Cryosphere, 10, 29–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-29-2016, 2016.
Korosov, A. and Rampal, P.: A combination of feature tracking and pattern
matching with optimal parametrization for sea ice drift retrieval from SAR
data, Remote Sensing, 9, 258, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9030258, 2017.
Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J., and Holm, L. K.:
SIKU: knowing our ice, Springer, New York, 2010.
Kwok, R., Schweiger, A., Rothrock, D., Pang, S., and Kottmeier, C.: Sea ice
motion from satellite passive microwave imagery assessed with ERS SAR and
buoy motions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8191–8214, 1998.
Lang, O.: Radar Remote Sensing in Western Antarctica with Special Emphasis on
Differential Interferometry, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt,
Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, 2003.
Li, S., Shapiro, L., McNutt, L., and Feffers, A.: Application of Satellite
Radar Interferometry to the Detection of Sea Ice Deformation, Journal of the
Remote Sensing Society of Japan, 16, 67–77, 10.11440/rssj1981.16.153, 1996.
Mahoney, A., Eicken, H., Gaylord, A. G., and Gens, R.: Landfast sea ice
extent in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas: The annual cycle and decadal
variability, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 103, 41–56,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Coldregions.2014.03.003, 2014.
Mahoney, A., Eicken, H., Fukamachi, Y., Ohshima, K. I., Simizu, D.,
Kambhamettu, C., Rohith, M., Hendricks, S., and Jones, J.: Taking a look at
both sides of the ice: comparison of ice thickness and drift speed as
observed from moored, airborne and shore-based instruments near Barrow,
Alaska, Ann. Glaciol., 56, 363–372, 2015a.
Mahoney, A., Dammann, D. O., Johnson, M. A., Eicken, H., and Meyer, F. J.:
Measurement and imaging of infragravity waves in sea ice using InSAR,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 6383–6392, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069583, 2016.
Mahoney, A. R., Eicken, H., Fukamachi, Y., Ohshima, K. I., Simizu, D.,
Kambhamettu, C., Rohith, M., Hendricks, S., and Jones, J.: Taking a look at
both sides of the ice: comparison of ice thickness and drift speed as
observed from moored, airborne and shore-based instruments near Barrow,
Alaska, Ann. Glaciol., 56, 363–372, 2015b.
Marbouti, M., Praks, J., Antropov, O., Rinne, E., and Leppäranta, M.: A
Study of Landfast Ice with Sentinel-1 Repeat-Pass
Interferometry over the
Baltic Sea, Remote Sensing, 9, 833, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9080833, 2017.
Meier, W. N. and Maslanik, J. A.: Effect of environmental conditions on
observed, modeled, and assimilated sea ice motion errors, J. Geophys. Res.,
108, 3152, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001333, 2003.
Meier, W. N., Hovelsrud, G. K., Oort, B. E., Key, J. R., Kovacs, K. M.,
Michel, C., Haas, C., Granskog, M. A., Gerland, S., and Perovich, D. K.:
Arctic sea ice in transformation: A review of recent observed changes and
impacts on biology and human activity, Rev. Geophys., 52, 185–217,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013RG000431, 2014.
Meyer, F. J., Mahoney, A. R., Eicken, H., Denny, C. L., Druckenmiller, H. C.,
and Hendricks, S.: Mapping arctic landfast ice extent using L-band synthetic
aperture radar interferometry, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 3029–3043,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Rse.2011.06.006, 2011.
Morris, K., Li, S., and Jeffries, M.: Meso-and microscale sea-ice motion in
the East Siberian Sea as determined from ERS-I SAR data, J. Glaciol., 45,
370–383, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000001878, 1999.
Muckenhuber, S. and Sandven, S.: Open-source sea ice drift algorithm for
Sentinel-1 SAR imagery using a combination of feature tracking and pattern
matching, The Cryosphere, 11, 1835–1850, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1835-2017,
2017.
Norton, D. W. and Gaylord, A. G.: Drift velocities of ice floes in Alaska's
northern Chukchi Sea flaw zone: Determinants of success by spring subsistence
whalers in 2000 and 2001, ARCTIC, 57, 347–362, 2004.
Oikkonen, A., Haapala, J., Lensu, M., and Karvonen, J.: Sea ice drift and
deformation in the coastal boundary zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
10303–10310, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069632, 2016.
Rampal, P., Weiss, J., and Marsan, D.: Positive trend in the mean speed and
deformation rate of Arctic sea ice, 1979–2007, J. Geophys. Res., 114,
C05013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005066, 2009a.
Rampal, P., Weiss, J., Marsan, D., and Bourgoin, M.: Arctic sea ice velocity
field: General circulation and turbulent-like fluctuations, J. Geophys. Res.,
114, C10014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005227, 2009b.
Rohith, M., Jones, J., Eicken, H., and Kambhamettu, C.: Extracting
quantitative information on coastal ice dynamics and ice hazard events from
marine radar digital imagery, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 51, 2556–2570, 2013.
Romeiser, R. and Runge, H.: Theoretical evaluation of several possible
along-track InSAR modes of TerraSAR-X for ocean current measurements, IEEE T.
Geosci. Remote, 45, 21–35, 2007.
Romeiser, R. and Thompson, D. R.: Numerical study on the along-track
interferometric radar imaging mechanism of oceanic surface currents, IEEE T.
Geosci. Remote, 38, 446–458, 2000.
Romeiser, R., Suchandt, S., Runge, H., Steinbrecher, U., and Grunler, S.:
First analysis of TerraSAR-X along-track InSAR-derived current fields, IEEE
T. Geosci. Remote, 48, 820–829, 2010.
Rosen, P. A., Hensley, S., Joughin, I. R., Li, F. K., Madsen, S. N.,
Rodriguez, E., and Goldstein, R. M.: Synthetic aperture radar interferometry,
Proceedings of the IEEE, 88, 333–382, 2000.
Scheiber, R., De Zan, F., Prats, P., Araújo, L. S. A., Künemund, M.,
and Marotti, L.: Interferometric sea ice mapping with TanDEM-X: First
experiments, in: 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 24–29 July 2011, IEEE, 3594–3597,
https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6050001, 2011.
Shirasawa, K., Ebuchi, N., Leppäranta, M., and Takatsuka, T.: Ice-edge
detection from Japanese C-band radar and high-frequency radar coastal
stations, Ann. Glaciol., 54, 59–64, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG62A007, 2013.
Spreen, G., Kwok, R., and Menemenlis, D.: Trends in Arctic sea ice drift and
role of wind forcing: 1992–2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L19501,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048970, 2011.
Stroeve, J. C., Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M., Kay, J. E., Malanik, J., and
Barrett, A. P.: The Arctic's rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research
synthesis, Climatic Change, 110, 1005–1027, https://doi.org/10.1007/S10584-011-0101-1,
2012.
Thomas, D. N.: Sea ice, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom,
2017.
Thompson, D. R. and Jensen, J.: Synthetic aperture radar interferometry
applied to ship-generated internal waves in the 1989 Loch Linnhe experiment,
J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10259–10269, 1993.
Valenzuela, G. R.: Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and
oceanic waves – A review, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 13, 61–85, 1978.
Vincent, F., Raucoules, D., Degroeve, T., Edwards, G., and Abolfazl
Mostafavi, M.: Detection of river/sea ice deformation using satellite
interferometry: limits and potential, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 3555–3571,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160410001688303, 2004.
Walsh, E. J., Hancock III, D. W., Hines, D. E., Swift, R. N., and Scott, J.
F.: An observation of the directional wave spectrum evolution from shoreline
to fully developed, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 670–690, 1989.
Werner, C., Wegmüller, U., Strozzi, T., and Wiesmann, A.: Gamma SAR and
interferometric processing software, ERS – ENVISAT Symposium, Gothenburg,
Sweden, 16–20 October 2000.
Winsor, P. and Chapman, D. C.: Pathways of Pacific water across the Chukchi
Sea: A numerical model study, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001962, 2004.
Yitayew, T. G., Dierking, W., Divine, D. V., Eltoft, T., Ferro-Famil, L.,
Rösel, A., and Negrel, J.: Validation of Sea-Ice Topographic Heights
Derived From TanDEM-X Interferometric SAR Data With Results From Laser
Profiler and Photogrammetry, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 56, 6504–6520,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2018.2839590, 2018.
Zhang, J., Thomas, D., Rothrock, D., Lindsay, R., Yu, Y., and Kwok, R.:
Assimilation of ice motion observations and comparisons with submarine ice
thickness data, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3170, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001041,
2003.
Zhang, J., Lindsay, R., Schweiger, A., and Rigor, I.: Recent changes in the
dynamic properties of declining Arctic sea ice: A model study, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 39, L20503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053545, 2012.