Benn, D. I., Hulton, N. R. J., and Mottram, R. H.: “Calving laws”,
“sliding laws” and the stability of tidewater glaciers, Ann. Glaciol., 46,
123–130, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871161, 2007.
Błaszczyk, M., Jania, J. A., and Kolondra, L.: Fluctuations of tidewater
glaciers in Hornsund Fjord (Southern Svalbard) since the beginning of the
20th century, Pol. Polar Res., 34, 327–352,
https://doi.org/10.2478/popore-2013-0024, 2013.
Chapuis, A. and Tetzlaff, T.: The variability of tidewater-glacier calving:
Origin of event-size and interval distributions, J. Glaciol.,
60, 622–634, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J215, 2014.
Chapuis, A., Rolstad, C., and Norland, R.: Interpretation of amplitude data
from a ground-based radar in combination with terrestrial photogrammetry and
visual observations for calving monitoring of Kronebreen, Svalbard, Ann.
Glaciol., 53, 34–40, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410791392781, 2010.
Chen, C.-T. and Millero F. J.: Speed of sound in seawater at high
pressures, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 62, 1129–1135,
https://doi.org/10.1121/1.381646, 1977.
Ćwiąkała, J., Moskalik, M., Forwick, M., Wojtysiak, K.,
Giżejewski, J., and Szczuciński, W.: Submarine geomorphology at the
front of the retreating Hansbreen tidewater glacier, Hornsund fjord,
southwest Spitsbergen, J. Maps, 14, 123–134,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1441757, 2018.
Deane, G. B. and Buckingham, M.: An analysis of the three-dimensional sound
field in a penetrable wedge with a stratifie
d fluid or elastic basement, J.
Acoust. Soc. Am., 93, 1319–1328, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.405417, 1993.
Deane, G. B., Glowacki, O., Tegowski, J., Moskalik, M., and Blondel, Ph.:
Directionality of the ambient noise field in an Arctic, glacial bay, J.
Acoust. Soc. Am., 136, EL350, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4897354, 2014.
Dowdeswell, J. A. and Forsberg, C. F.: The size and frequency of icebergs
and bergy bits derived from tidewater glaciers in Kongsfjorden, northwest
Spitsbergen, Polar Res., 11, 81–91,
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v11i2.6719, 1992.
Ekström, G., Nettles, M., and Abers, G.: Glacial Earthquakes, Science,
302, 622–624, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1088057, 2003.
Enderlin, E. M., Howat, I. M., Jeong, S., Noh, M.-J., van Angelen, J. H.,
and van den Broeke, M. R.: An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice
sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 866–872,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059010, 2014.
Gardner, A. S., Moholdt, G., Cogley, J. G., Wouters, B., Arendt, A. A.,
Wahr, J., Berthier, E., Hock, R., Pfeffer, W. T., Kaser, G., Ligtenberg, S.
R. M., Bolch, T., Sharp, M. J., Hagen, J. O., vanden Broeke, M. R., and
Paul, F.: A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise:
2003 to 2009, Science, 340, 852–857,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234532, 2013.
Gekle, S. and Gordillo, J. M.: Generation and breakup of Worthington jets
after cavity collapse, Part 1. Jet formation, J. Fluid Mech., 663, 293–330,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112010003526, 2010.
Glowacki, O., Deane, G. B., Moskalik, M., Blondel, Ph., Tegowski, J., and
Blaszczyk, M.: Underwater acoustic signatures of glacier calving,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 804–812, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062859,
2015.
Glowacki, O., Moskalik, M., and Deane, G. B.: The impact of glacier
meltwater on the underwater noise field in a glacial bay, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
121, 8455–8470, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012355, 2016.
Glowacki, O., Deane, G. B., and Moskalik, M.: The intensity, directionality,
and statistics of underwater noise from melting icebergs, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 4105–4113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077632, 2018.
Görlich, K.: Glacimarine sedimentation of muds in Hornsund Fjord,
Spitsbergen, Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol., 56, 433–477, 1986.
Grabiec, M., Jania, J., Puczko, D., and Kolondra, L.: Surface and bed
morphology of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Spitsbergen, Pol. Polar
Res., 33, 111–138, https://doi.org/10.2478/v10183-012-0010-7, 2012.
Gunn, R. and Kinzer, G. D.: The terminal velocity of fall for water
droplets in stagnant air, J. Meteorol., 6, 243–248,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1949)006<0243:TTVOFF>2.0.CO;2, 1949.
Guo, Y. and Ffowcs Williams, J. E.: A theoretical study on drop impact
sound and rain noise, J. Fluid Mech., 227, 345–355,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112091000149, 1991.
Hamilton, E. L.: Sound velocity and related properties of marine sediments,
North Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 4423–4446,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB075i023p04423, 1970.
Hamilton, E. L.: Sound attenuation as a function of depth in the sea floor,
J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 59, 528–535, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.380910, 1976.
Hatherton, T. and Evison, F. F.: A special mechanism for some Antarctic
earthquakes, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 5, 864–873,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1962.10417642, 1962.
Herman, A., Wojtysiak, K., and Moskalik, M.: Wind wave variability in Hornsund
fjord, west Spitsbergen, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 217, 96–109,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.11.001, 2019.
Hobæk, H. and Sagen, H.: On underwater sound reflection from layered
ice sheets, in: Proceedings of the 39th Scandinavian Symposium on Physical
Acoustics, Geilo, Norway, 21, 31 January–3 February 2016.
Holmes, F. A., Kirchner, N., Kuttenkeuler, J., Krützfeldt, J., and
Noormets, R.: Relating ocean temperatures to frontal ablation rates at
Svalbard tidewater glaciers: Insights from glacier proximal datasets, Sci.
Rep., 9, 9442, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45077-3, 2019.
How, P., Schild, K., Benn, D., Noormets, R., Kirchner, N., Luckman, A., and
Borstad, C.: Calving controlled by melt-under-cutting: Detailed calving
styles revealed through time-lapse observations, Ann. Glaciol., 60, 20–31,
https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2018.28, 2019.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Summary for policymakers,
in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis,
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D.,
Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press:
Cambridge, UK, New York, NY, USA, 2013.
Jackson, R. H., Straneo, F., and Sutherland, D. A.: Externally forced
fluctuations in ocean temperature at Greenland glaciers in non-summer
months, Nat. Geosci., 7, 503–508, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2186, 2014.
Jensen, F. B., Kuperman, W. A., Porter, M. B., and Schmidt, H.: Computational
Ocean Acoustics, Springer Science
+Business Media, LLC, New York,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8678-8, 2011.
Joughin, I., Abdalati, W., and Fahnestock, M.: Large fluctuations in speed
on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbrae Glacier, Nature, 432, 608–610,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03130, 2004.
Köhler, A., Nuth, C., Schweitzer, J., Weidle, C., and Gibbons, S.:
Regional passive seismic monitoring reveals dynamic glacier activity on
Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Polar Res., 34, 26178,
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v34.26178, 2015.
Köhler, A., Nuth, C., Kohler, J., Berthier, E., Weidle, C., and
Schweitzer, J.: A 15 year record of frontal glacier ablation rates estimated
from seismic data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12155–12164,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070589, 2016.
Köhler, A., Pętlicki, M., Lefeuvre, P.-M., Buscaino, G., Nuth, C., and Weidle, C.: Contribution of calving to frontal ablation quantified from seismic and hydroacoustic observations calibrated with lidar volume measurements, The Cryosphere, 13, 3117–3137, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3117-2019, 2019.
Loewen, M. and Melville, W.: Microwave backscatter and acoustic radiation
from breaking waves, J. Fluid Mech., 224, 601–623,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112091001891, 1991.
Luckman, A., Benn, D. I., Cottier, F., Bevan, S., Nilsen, F., and Inall, M.:
Calving rates at tidewater glaciers var
y strongly with ocean temperature,
Nat. Commun., 6, 8566, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9566, 2015.
Minowa, M., Podolskiy, E. A., Sugiyama, S., Sakakibara, D., and Skvarca, P.:
Glacier calving observed with time-lapse imagery and tsunami waves at
Glaciar Perito Moreno, Patagonia, J. Glaciol., 64, 362–376,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.28, 2018.
Minowa, M., Podolskiy, E. A., Jouvet, G., Weidmann, Y., Sakakibara, D.,
Tsutaki, S., Genco, R., and Sugiyama, S.: Calving flux estimation from tsunami
waves, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 515, 283–290,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.03.023, 2019.
Moskalik, M., Ćwiąkała, J., Szczuciński, W., Dominiczak, A.,
Głowacki, O., Wojtysiak, K., and Zagórski, P.: Spatiotemporal changes
in the concentration and composition of suspended particulate matter in
front of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard, Oceanologia, 60,
446–463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2018.03.001, 2018.
Murray, T., Nettles, M., Selmes, N., Cathles, L., Burton, J., James, T.,
Edwards, S., Martin, I., O'Farrell, T., Aspey, R., and Rutt, I.: Reverse
glacier motion during iceberg calving and the cause of glacial earthquakes,
Science, 349, 305–308, 2015.
Neuhaus, S. U., Tulaczyk, S. M., and Branecky Begeman, C.: Spatiotemporal distributions of icebergs in a temperate fjord: Columbia Fjord, Alaska, The Cryosphere, 13, 1785–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1785-2019, 2019.
O'Leary, M. and Christoffersen, P.: Calving on tidewater glaciers amplified by submarine frontal melting, The Cryosphere, 7, 119–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-119-2013, 2013.
O'Neel, S. and Pfeffer, W. T.: Source mechanics for monochromatic icequakes
produced during iceberg calving at Columbia Glacier, AK, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 34, L22502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031370, 2007.
O'Neel, S., Larsen, C. F., Rupert, N., and Hansen, R.: Iceberg calving as a
primary source of regional-scale glacier-generated seismicity in the St.
Elias Mountains, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F04034,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001598, 2010.
Pettit, E. C.: Passive underwater acoustic evolution of a calving event,
Ann. Glaciol., 53, 113–122, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012AoG60A137, 2012.
Pętlicki, M., Ciepły, M., Jania, J., Promińska, A., and Kinnard,
C.: Calving of a tidewater glacier driven by melting at the waterline, J.
Glaciol., 61, 851–863, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG15J062, 2015.
Pettit, E. C., Lee, K. M., Brann, J. P., Nystuen, J. A., Wilson, P. S., and
O'Neel, S.: Unusually loud ambient noise in tidewater glacier fjords: A
signal of ice melt, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 2309–2316,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062950, 2015.
Pętlicki, M. and Kinnard, C.: Calving of Fuerza Aérea Glacier
(Greenwich Island, Antarctica) observed with terrestrial laser scanning and
continuous video monitoring, J. Glaciol., 62, 835–846,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.72, 2016.
Polish Polar Station Hornsund: Monitoring database, available at:
https://monitoring-hornsund.igf.edu.pl/index.php/login, last access: 13 March 2020.
Porter, M.: The BELLHOP Manual and User's Guide: Preliminary Draft, HLS
Res., La Jolla, California, 2011.
Porter, M. B.: Gaussian beam tracing for computing ocean acoustic fields, J.
Acoust. Soc. Am., 82, 1349–1359, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.395269, 1987.
Qamar, A.: Calving icebergs: a source of low-frequency seismic signals from
Columbia Glacier, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 93, 6615–6623,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB06p06615, 1988.
Qamar, A. and St. Lawrence, W.: An investigation of icequakes on the
Greenland icesheet near Jakobshavn icestream, Tech. Rep., Final Rep. NSF
Grant DPP7926002, Univ. of Colo., Boulder, 1983.
Rajan, S. D., Frisk, G. V., and Sellers, C.: Determination of compressional
wave and shear wave speed profiles in sea ice by crosshole tomography –
theory and experiment, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 93, 721–738,
https://doi.org/10.1121/1.405436, 1993.
Rasband, W. S.: ImageJ, available at:
https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/, last access: 13 March 2020.
Richardson, J. P., Waite, G. P., FitzGerald, K. A., and Pennington, W. D.:
Characteristics of seismic and acoustic signals produced by calving, Bering
Glacier, Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03503,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041113, 2010.
Schaefer, M., Machguth, H., Falvey, M., Casassa, G., and Rignot, E.: Quantifying mass balance processes on the Southern Patagonia Icefield, The Cryosphere, 9, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-25-2015, 2015.
Schulz, M., Berger, W. H., and Jansen, E.: Listening to glaciers, Nat.
Geosci., 1, 408, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo235, 2008.
Sergeant, A., Mangeney, A., Stutzmann, E., Montagner, J.-P., Walter, F.,
Moretti, L., and Castelnau, O.: Complex force history of a calving-generated
glacial earthquake derived from broadband seismic inversion, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 43, 1055–1065, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066785, 2016.
Staszek, M. W. and Moskalik, M.: Contemporary sedimentation in the
forefield of Hornbreen, Hornsund, Open Geosci., 7, 490–512,
https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2015-0042, 2015.
Straneo, F. and Heimbach, P.: North Atlantic warming and the retreat of
Greenland's outlet glaciers, Nature, 504, 36–43,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12854, 2013.
Straneo, F., Sutherland, D. A., Stearns, L., Catania, G., Heimbach, P., Moon,
T., Cape, M. R., Laidre, K. L., Barber, D., Rysgaard, S., Mottram, R.,
Olsen, S., Hopwood, M. J., and Meire, L.: The Case for a Sustained Greenland
Ice Sheet-Ocean Observing System (GrIOOS), Front. Mar. Sci, 6, 138,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00138, 2019.
Sulak, D., Sutherland, D., Enderlin, E., Stearns, L., and Hamilton, G.:
Iceberg properties and distributions in three Greenlandic fjords using
satellite imagery, Ann. Glaciol., 58, 92–106,
https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.5, 2017.
Tegowski, J., Deane, G. B., Lisimenka, A., and Blondel, Ph.: Detecting and
analyzing underwater ambient noise of glaciers on Svalbard as indicator of
dynamic processes in the Arctic, in: Proceedings of the 4th UAM Conference,
Kos, Greece, 1149–1154, 2011.
Tegowski, J., Deane, G. B., Lisimenka, A., and Blondel, Ph.: Spectral and
statistical analyses of ambient noise in Spitsbergen Fjords and
identification of glacier calving events, i
n Proceedings of the 11th
European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, Edinburgh, Scotland,
1667–1672, 2012.
Tournadre, J., Bouhier, N., Girard-Ardhuin, F., and Rémy, F.: Antarctic
icebergs distributions 1992–2014, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 327–349,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011178, 2016.
Urick, R. J.: The noise of melting icebergs, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 50, 337–341,
https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1912637, 1971.
USGS: EarthExplorer, available at:
https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/, last access: 13 March 2020.
van den Broeke, M. R., Enderlin, E. M., Howat, I. M., Kuipers Munneke, P., Noël, B. P. Y., van de Berg, W. J., van Meijgaard, E., and Wouters, B.: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change, The Cryosphere, 10, 1933–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016, 2016.
van der Veen, C. J.: Calving glaciers, Prog. Phys. Geog., 26, 96–122,
https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp327ra, 2002.
Vieli, A., Jania, J., Blatter, H., and Funk, M.: Short
−term velocity
variations on Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Spitsbergen, J. Glaciol., 50, 389–398, 2004.
Walter, F., Amundson, J. M., O'Neel, S., Truffer, M., Fahnestock, M., and
Fricker, H. A.: Analysis of low-frequency seismic signals generated during a
multiple-iceberg calving event at Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, J.
Geophys. Res., 117, F01036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002132, 2012.
Walter, A., Lüthi, M. P., and Vieli, A.: Calving event size measurements and statistics of Eqip Sermia, Greenland, from terrestrial radar interferometry, The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-102, in review, 2019.
York, D., Evensen, N. M., Lopez Martinez, M., and De Basabe Delgado, J.: Unified equations for the slope, intercept, and standard errors of the best straight line, Am. J. Phys., 72, 367–375, https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1632486, 2004.
